أهمية الإلقاء وخطوات الوصول لإلقاء ناجح

[د. وديع إلياس]

أهمية الإلقاء

للإلقاء أهمية كبيرة فهو الوسيلة الأولى التي يمكن أن نستخدمها لإيصال ما نريد إيصاله للآخرين ، ولا تعتبر الوسائل الحديثة والمبتكرة للتواصل مع الغير مغنية عنه وإنما هي وسائل مساعدة ينبغي الاستفادة منها واستغلالها .وقد استخدم أسلوب الإلقاء أفضل البشر وهم الرسل وعلى رأسهم نبينا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم ودخل الناس بسبب ذلك في دين الله أفواجا ، وكذلك استخدمه خلفاء رسولنا وكثير من أصحابه رضي الله عنهم .بل لا يقتصر أمر الاستفادة من مهارة الإلقاء على من سبق ذكرهم حيث استفاد منها الرؤساء والزعماء من كل جنس ولون وكانت وسيلتهم في كسب قلوب أتباعهم والتفافهم حولهم ويمكننا أن نقول جازمين انه ما من زعيم أو قائد برز اسمه واشتهر ذكره إلا وله في فن الإلقاء والخطابة نصيب وافر إلا ما ندر

مفهوم الإلقاء الناجح

الإلقاء الناجح عبارة عن قيام الملقي بنقل بعض معلوماته ومشاعره وأحاسيسه عن طريق الكلام إلى الملقى إليه مستخدما في ذلك ما يمكن استخدامه من أجزاء جسده ونبرات صوته

خطوات الوصول للإلقاء الناجح

أولا: اختيار الموضوع المناسب
وهذه إحدى أهم الخطوات التي لابد من الاهتمام بها و ايلاءها فائق العناية وذلك لان بقية الخطوات مبنية عليها ومتفرعة عنها فمهما كانت درجة جودة الإلقاء فلن يكون له كبير فائدة وأهمية إذا كان الموضوع الذي يتكلم عنه غير مناسب للكلام عنه أو كان موضوعا لا قيمة له .
ولكي يكون الموضوع مناسبا لابد من توفر أمور فيه من أهمها :

1- أن يكون الموضوع مناسبا للزمان الذي يلقى فيه
2- أن يكون الموضوع مناسبا للمكان الذي يلقى فيه
3- أن يكون الموضوع مناسبا للأشخاص الذي يلقى إليهم
4- أن يكون الموضوع مما يحتاج السامعون إلى الكلام عنه
5- أن لا يكرر الموضوع بأسلوب واحد


ثانيا : التحضير الجيّد للموضوعبحيث يقرأ عنه ويحفظ أدلته أو يكتبها وان يعرف معانيها وكذلك أن يتقن قراءة الآيات والأحاديث والأسماء والأماكن التي سترد في موضوعه .ومن الأخطاء الشائعة المستهجنة الكلام على بعض الآيات أو الأحاديث من غير الرجوع إلى الكتب المعتمدة في بيان معانيها ودلالاتها بحيث يقتصر بعضهم على فهمه الشخصي المتبادر من لفظ النص الشرعي وقد يكون هذا الفهم مغايرا لمدلول الآية أو الحديث وفي هذا من الخطورة والقول على الله بلا علم ما لا يخفى.

ثالثا : ممارسة الإلقاء تدريجيا
ويقتضي التدرج أن يبدأ الشخص بعد تحضيره للموضوع بإلقائه بصوت مرتفع في مكان خال ويتخيل أن أمامه جمع من الناس ويكرر ذلك ، ثم يقوم بعد فترة من ذلك بإلقائه أمام جمع من الصغار مثلا أو أمام أناس لا يتحرج منهم ، ثم يقوم بعد ذلك بفترة من الزمن بإلقاء ذلك الموضوع في مسجد يرتاده بعض من لا يشعر بالحرج أمامهم كبعض العمال أو أمام طلاب فصل في الابتدائي ، ثم بعد ذلك يقوم بإلقائه في مسجد أكبر وفيه من يشعر بالحرج منهم ولكن عددهم قليل وهكذا يتدرج في المساجد والأماكن ويكثر من تكرار ذلك إلى أن تتكون لديه ملكة يزول معها أي حرج من الإلقاء ، وهذا يحصل عادة بعد زمن ليس بالطويل ، وكلما ازداد الشخص ممارسة ازدادت ملكته وقدرته وخبرته إلى أن يصير الإلقاء سجية لا يتكلفها ويمكنه القيام بها في أي وقت وأي مكان.
أن يكون للكلمة أو الخطبة أهداف يريد المتكلم وصول المستمعين إليها
وهذا من أهم الأمور بحيث يكون للكلمة هدف أو أكثر يراد تحقيقها وإفادة السامعين بها لا أن تكون الكلمة لمجرد تفريغ العواطف والأحاسيس من غير أن يكون لها فائدة للمستمعين ولا أن يكون لهم يد في إيقاعها أو منعها .فالحديث إلى الناس مثلا عن أمر لا يقوم به إلا الحاكم أو المسئول ليس مجديا غالبا ولا مفيدا بل انه من الممكن أن يسبب الضرر للملقي أو غيره من غير فائدة تذكر لا للسامع ولا لغيره ، ويمكن إيصال ما يراد إيصاله إلى المسئول بطرق أخرى أكثر مناسبة وأقوى فاعلية من غير مفسدة .و تجب العناية بتحديد أهداف الكلمة والسعي لتحقيقها من خلال ما يلقى و إلا فقد الكلام أمر أساسيا لن يكون لما يذكر بعده كبير فائدة غالبا.

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