أسس الزخرفة الإسلامية

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أسس الزخرفة الإسلامية

تشمل الأعمال الزخرفية على مجموعة من القواعد والأسس التي تخدم الغاية في التزيين والتجميل ، ومنح العمل الفني فنيته وجماليته ودلالاته..بحيث نستطيع أن نفهم آليات عمل الفنان في مجال الزخرفة . ونتوصل إلى دلالات وخصوصيات هذا العمل أو ذلك .




1- التوازن : وهو بمعناه الشامل يعبر عن التكوين الفني المتكامل عن طريق حسن توزيع العناصر ، والوحدات ، والألوان ، وتناسق علاقاتها ببعضها ، وبالفراغات المحيطة بها ، ويعتبر التوازن قاعدة أساسية لابد من توفرها في كل تكوين زخرفي او عمل فني تزييني .. واستخدام التوازن في الزخرفة يشمل جميع المساحات والسطوح من أشرطة إطارات وحشوات .



2- التناظر أو التماثل :الذي ينظم بعض التكوينات الزخرفية بحيث ينطبق أحد نصفيها على الآخر وذلك بواسطة مستقيم يدعى ( محور التناظر ) والتناظر نوعان: التناظر النصفي : ويضم العناصر التي يكمل نصفيها الآخر في اتجاه متقابل .



التناظر الكلي : وفيه يكتمل التكوين من عنصرين متشابهين تماما في اتجاه متقابل او متعاكس .





التشعب من نقطة واحدة : وفيه تنبثق الوحدة الزخرفية من نقطة إلى الخارج .



التشعب من خط : وفيه تتفرع الأشكال والوحدات الزخرفية من خطوط مستقيمة أو منحنية من جانب واحد أو من جانبين وتمتد ، ويبدو هذا النوع من التشعب في زخرفة الأشرطة والإطارات
3- التشعب : ويتجلى في الزخارف النباتية أساسا ، وهو نوعان :


.4- التكرار : ويتم عبر تكرار عنصر او وحدة زخرفية على نحو متواصل ، وهذا يعطي التكوين الزخرفي في جمالية بديعة ، وهو على انواع ومنها :


التكرار العادي : وفيه تتكرر الوحدات الزخرفية في وضع ثابت متناوب متتالي .





التكرار المتعاكس : وفيه تتجاور الوحدات الزخرفية ، في أوضاع متعاكسة ، في الاتجاه والوضع .



التكرار المتبادل : وهو استخدام وحدتين زخرفيتين مختلفتين في تجاور وتعاقب

التفاف وتشابك حلزوني بسيط: يضم أوراقا وأزهارا متتابعة على ساق ملتوي .



التفاف وتشابك متعاكس: وذلك عبر التفاف ساقين من النبات على شكل متعاكس تتخلله الأوراق والأزهار

5- التناسب : وهو عنصر على غاية من الضرورة لجمالية التكوين وذلك عبر التناسب بين العناصر وأجزاءها وهو يعتمد على الذوق الشخصي للفنان او الذي يطلب من الفنان ذلك .

6- التشابك : وهو أحد مميزات الزخرفة العربية الإسلامية عبر تداخل الأشكال الهندسية أو تزهير وتوريق الوحدات النباتية وهو على نوعين :

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